Izmir Bergama, Located 100 km from arctic of izmir in the Bakircay river basin, Bergama is one of the Turkey’s oldest affable settlements which, has been inhabited from pre-historic times through the Ionic, Roman and Byzantine civilizations. It has yielded archeological treasures of which accent is accustomed world-wide.To the southwest of Bergama, Asclepion, an important bloom centermost of the age-old world, the acropolis founded on top of a abrupt acropolis (300 m) and the Temple of Serapis (Kizil Avlu) accomplish this breadth a adorable stop for history-loving tourists. The Chantry of Zeus was banned to Germany in 1897.
The avant-garde day name, comes anon from its age-old name, Pergamum. Accepted for centuries for its monuments, It was a abundant city-limits and served as the centre of Pergamum kingdom. Its breadth fabricated it cardinal in the Average Ages and was the centre of the Karesiogullari Principality afore it assuredly became a allotment of the Ottoman State. The city’s aureate era was during the administration of Attalos I and his son Eumenes II, the time if an acropolis, theatre and added important projects were completed. It was an important city-limits in the Roman period. The city-limits accomplished abounding developments during the administration of Hadrian (117-138 AD), and it was adorned with Roman works of art. In the Byzantine era afterwards the advance of Christianity, Bergama was aboriginal beneath the access of the bishopric of Ephesus, and afresh became a metropolis.
Acropolis
The Acropolis was congenital on an acutely abrupt hill, approached by a ambagious alley ascendance some 300m. In this abnormally advised city, religious, official, amusing and bartering barrio are all begin side-by-side. The King of Pergamum is on the top of this hill, which has been inhabited back age-old times. There are aswell 5 cisterns and an armory on the hill. Beneath these barrio is the Temple of Athena, as able-bodied as the Library and the Temple of Trajan. The Chantry of Zeus was anxiously placed beneath these barrio on a terrace. One of the steepest amphitheatres in the apple is begin here. The everyman breadth of the acropolis is the amphitheater and the Temple of Demeter. Because of the topographical breadth of the city-limits and the advance of the capital street, all the barrio or the acropolis are band up In a north-south fashion, but the barrio all face west so that they can be apparent from far away. The Chantry of Zeus was not belted with colonnades forthe aforementioned reason. The Agora and Athena Temple aswell accept an bare appearance of the plain.
The Temple of Athena
The temple columns and architrave pieces are still in Berlin. The actuality that the city’s a lot of important temple is the Temple of Athena, as it is in Izmir, Milet, Eriythrai, Foca and Assos as well, reflects the religious attitude of Western Anatolia. Eumenes II had a two-storey covered aisle congenital forth the breadth of the eastern and arctic abandon in the Hellenistic style, to admire his acknowledged war adjoin the Seleuclds, Celts and Macedonians.
Library
Adjacent to the angelic website of the Temple of Athena, is charcoal of the acclaimed Pergamum library. The library, whose access acclimated to be on the top attic of the gallery, dates backtothe administration of Eumenes II and contains a arresting account allowance barometer 13.53 x 15.35 metres. Equipped with board shelves, the library aswell independent a 3.5m top bronze of Athena, which is now in the Berlin Museum. During the administration ofEumenes II, the captivation accommodation of the library assorted immensely, and its alone according in the apple was the Library of Alexander.
Arsenals
The aggressive armory is at the arctic end of the acropolis, on the added ancillary of the palaces and the Trajaneun, about 10m from downhill. There are 5 compartments, all alongside to one another.
Trajaneum
The accomplished terrace in the acropolis, was fabricated for the Roman Emperor Trajan,who was declared to be all-powerful and afore that, there was assuredly a Hellenistic anatomy on this site. Measured of 63×53 m, the temple sits perched aloft a top terrace amidst on three abandon by covered promenades. Hadrian was congenital the temple for his antecedent Trajan, but it is accepted that both of the emperors were admirable actuality because the colossal active of statues of Trajan and Handrlan honouring them were begin here. These items are aswell on affectation in the Museum of Berlin.
Theater
Built on a actual abrupt slope, the Pergamum theatre is one of the Hellenistic period’s finest architectural achievements. The steepest amphitheatre in western Anatolia, it has a accommodation of 10,000 people. In Hellenistic times the date was fabricated of wood; bureaucracy for the performances and afresh taken down again.
The Temple of Dionysos
The humans of Pergamum congenital this actual adorable temple on the arctic ancillary of the 250m- continued theatre terrace, accurately so It would boss the mural of the area. This well-preserved temple with its admirable contour and chantry is a prostyles congenital aloft a belvedere in the Ionic style. This admirable awe-inspiring anatomy with its abnormally Roman compassionate of art, amid at the end of a continued road, was a big access on the European Baroque academy of architecture. The architecture underwent abolitionist changes during the Roman era. The aboriginal Hellenistic and Roman pieces are in the Museum of Berlin.
The Chantry of Zeus
Located about 25m beneath the lowerterrace of the Temple of Athena, the altarwas positioned at the actual centre of a 69m x 77m area. It is acceptable that the breadth was accessible on every ancillary so that It could be calmly apparent for afar around. Its reliefs are not accomplishments ornaments, but play just as important role as the chantry itself. The altar, alone the foundation of which is still in Pergamum, has been reconstructed and is today on display, with all of its reliefs, in the Berlin Museum.
Upper and Lower Agoras
The Agoras (Forum) are terraces amid on south of the Chantry of Zeus and were congenital in the Hellenistic aeon in the appearance of Hermes, the god of commerce. Because of the levels of the surrounding land, the covered patios are three storeys on the outside, but alone one inside. The Upper Agora was already the focal point of amusing and bartering activities in the city, although little charcoal of It today. South of the amphitheater Is the Lower Agora, plan and homes of the accepted people. The capital artery of the city-limits anesthetized appropriate through the average of the Agora, and beneath is the Temple of Demeter, the abode area rituals for a bigger afterwards activity were practiced.
Gymnasiums
The arresting amphitheater of Pergamum was amid on three terraces, one aloft the other. Inscriptions accept been begin which announce that the aboriginal attic was for children, the additional floorforyouth and the top attic for adults. The Upper Amphitheater is aswell accepted as the Ceremony Gymnasium. All three of these gymnasiums were congenital during the dynastic aeon during the additional bisected of the 3rd aeon BC.
Asclepion
Asclepion translates as ‘place of Aesklepios1, the son of Apollo and the god of healing and health, and was an important bloom centre in Greco-Roman times. Among the types of analysis accomplished actuality were mud baths, sports, theatre, psychotherapy and use of alleviative waters. A colonnaded artery leads to the Asclepion, and to the larboard of the access is the temple of Asclepios. This domed temple with its awfully blubbery 3m walls was congenital in 150 AD, with donations fabricated to the god of health. The autogenous ancillary was busy with bright marble mosaics, and amidst by galleries on three sides, the Aesklepion has a alleyway active through the centre alongside the angelic bounce appear the analysis building. It is anticipation that patients were convalescent actuality by the complete of active baptize and by the actuating anesthetic techniques acclimated by the priests.
The Temple of Serapis
The better anatomy and best-known allure in the boondocks is the Kizil Aviu (Red Basilica), by a temple fabricated of red brick committed to the gods of Egypt The temple lies in what is now the avant-garde day boondocks of Bergama.The two pools in the temple with building announce ritual cleansing rites and a religious accomplishments that was neither Greek nor Roman. The actuality that it faces west, and is busy with statues in an Egyptian style, indicates that it was possibly presented to Serapis,the Egyptian god of the underworld. In the Byzantine period, it was angry into a abbey by all-encompassing remodelling, abnormally to the alcove sections, and was committed to the Apostle John. In aboriginal Christianity, it was one of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor addressed by St John in the Book of Revelation, who referred to it as the head of the Devil. Although a crumbling ruin, it still contains the charcoal of a abbey in one of the towers.